The gene expression levels are generated from a normal distribution with a variance of 1.
Mutations occur at a rate of μ per locus per gamete and new mutational effects are drawn from a Gaussian distribution with a variance of α2 and a mean of zero according to the continuum-of-alleles model [ 25].
For example, if a given experimental datapoint reports a variance of 0.01 given 10 individual measurements, we draw 10 samples from the heteroplasmy distribution calculated from a given model and compare the variance of this sample against 0.01.
This heritability estimate is also consistent with an alternative prediction from a variance component analysis of the data of the 23 nuclear families, performed by the SOLAR software (Almasy and Blangero, 1998).
While individual decision trees suffer from a high variance of estimates the averaging across the bootstrap sample leads to a significant variance reduction [90, 91].
Inferences based on SNP data require much larger numbers of markers, which are therefore more tightly linked and, although methods are being developed for inferring individual inbreeding coefficients, these tend to suffer from a high variance of the estimate and require 'known' allele frequencies (Leutenegger et al. 2003; Carothers et al. 2006).
ICC uses components of variance from a variance analysis and assesses the agreement of quantitative measurements in terms of consistency and conformity [ 40, 41].
Generally, various morphologies in rod-crystalline and rod-amorphous mixed-brush single crystals were originated from a variance in the rigidity of rod and neighboring brushes as well as the difficulty of the entrance of different brushes into the systems.
Changes in survival over a 10-year period were derived from a variance-weighted linear regression of survival estimates for the periods 1991 1993, 1996 1998 and 1999 2003.
The bottleneck parameter can be set from the heteroplasmy variance of a number of offspring from a single mother, or by pooling the heteroplasmy values from offspring from mothers with similar heteroplasmy levels.
