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In addition, increasing the value of "help" increased the frequency of producers.
When C>B, we found, not unexpectedly, that increasing the B/C ratio increased the equilibrial frequency of producers.
The fact that producers clustered together quickly in our simulations also helps explain why increasing the value of "help" – the proportional benefit that cells near producers receive increased the frequency of producers.
In case of bistability, the final outcome will depend on the initial frequency of producers.
As expected, increasing the cost of production (c) reduces both the frequency of producers and fitness at equilibrium (Fig. 5).
Both the frequency of producers and fitness are higher at intermediate levels of h (the position of the threshold) (Fig. 5).
Similar(53)
By contrast, in the absence of spatial structure (shaken liquid broth), much higher initial frequencies of producers (0.1) were required for successful invasion (Chao and Levin 1981).
In both regions the frequency of 15ADON producers was negligible.
Table 3 shows the frequency of ESBL producers for different UTI pathogens.
After cytokine signature analysis, the frequency of high producers was determined for each experimental group of animals.
Patch population size would have increased with increasing frequency of siderophore producers [ 11], further facilitating the spread of punishing cooperators [ 8].
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