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However, the AS04-adjuvanted HPV prophylactic vaccine, designed with a new Adjuvant System approach, is able to improve upon the natural immune responses to the virus as it induces strong and sustained neutralizing antibody levels that are several times higher than after natural infection, while creating immune memory through higher frequency of memory B cells.
This finding is not surprising as recently published data show that for certain antigens, the frequency of memory B cells does not correlate with antibody titers [29].
The frequency of memory P14/GFP+ cells within the CD8 population was identical between early and late transferred groups in all lymphoid organs analyzed (data not shown).
Since changes in the frequency of memory B cells may reflect a change in the B cell repertoire, we analyzed the heavy chain variable regions (VH) of IgM, IgG and IgA in both twins by spectratyping [30].
We demonstrate that the strength of TCR stimulation is translated into the frequency of memory Th cells expressing IL-2 but not into the amount of IL-2 per cell.
The greater frequency of memory B cells specific for ß-gal likely reflects that this is a large protein, not just a single epitope as in the case of the engrafted 2F5 epitope.
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However, the CD4 T cells showed a higher frequency of memory-like phenotypes, were recruited to the lungs at a higher rate, and proliferated more than CD8 T cells.
Interestingly, the frequencies of memory CD4+ T cells that synthesize CCL4 in response to antigenic stimulation were substantially lower than those found for CD8+ T cells [14], [16].
The highest baseline and vaccine-induced frequencies of memory B cells were observed for serotype 19F.
Correlations between frequencies of memory B cells and concentrations of plasma antibodies were determined using Spearman's correlation.
It would be important to assess if frequencies of memory B cells correlate with persistence of protection.
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