These sidebands (a pair to each modulation frequency) cover a range of frequencies equal to the sum and difference between the carrier frequency and the information signal.
Genomic relationship matrices were constructed using allele frequencies equal to 0.5 (G05), equal to the average minor allele frequency (GMF), or equal to observed frequencies (GOF).
Pairwise similarities in upregulation were higher between plants that shared either growth form or were phylogenetically related (likelihood-ratio χ2 test, observed frequencies (Urticalean rosids, trees, no connection) = 9, 6, 1 (expected frequencies equal), χ2 = 7.4839, p = 0.024).
At the beginning of each trial, allele frequencies were equal between patches (i.e., FST = 0) to simulate the fragmentation of a single population.
It induced a modulated signal with a frequency equal to the difference between frequencies of the reference and scattering beams.
In these conditions, the light sources appear to oscillate in space at a frequency equal to the difference between the vibration and flicker frequencies.
In the absence of frequency noise, the photodetector output current, I t), is a sinusoidal signal with a frequency equal to the frequency difference between the two lasers, f LO=f L1−f L1−f
After selecting the nucleotide variations with frequency equal to 100.00, we identified 252,343 SNPs and INDELs between BG23 and Nipponbare and 326,351 SNPs and INDELs between LG10 and Nipponbare.
The GRR analysis was consistent with those findings, the PTPN22-1858C/T or PTPN22-1858T/T genotype frequency being equal between RF+ RA ASP index cases and RF+ RA TDT cases (Table 5).
Using a two-sided paired t-test and assuming a genetic relative risk (GRR) equal to 5.8, disease prevalence equal to 0.03, a disease locus frequency equal to 0.01, and a sib recurrence ratio of 2, a sample size of 20 achieves 81% power to detect a mutation difference with a (standardized) effect size of 0.67 between the affected member and the unaffected member.
Those SNPs with AA or BB frequency equal to zero, call frequency <0.8 or minor frequency <0.05 were excluded.
