Although the solutes crystallized solely during the step after the freezing step, not only the crystallization temperature, but also the freezing rate determined the particle size of the powder.
For each protocol, we include important considerations, such as timing, storage temperatures, and freezing rate.
However, once fertilization has occurred, development to the blastocyst stage is independent of freezing rate.
The pore size could be conveniently controlled by freezing rate and dispersion concentration.
The effects of freezing rate and monomer concentration on Tc and Tmc were addressed.
Various parameters affecting the porosity and compressive strength have been investigated, including initial slurry concentration, freezing rate, and sintering conditions.
Different parameters such as solution concentration, freezing rate, and sintering temperature affect the structure, and subsequently, the mechanical performance of these multilayered materials.
What is more, faster freezing rate is more efficient for exfoliation and forms high concentration GO dispersions [36].
Of course, the reduction of freezing rate may represent not only the retention but also the extinction effect.
Some freezing codes and recommendations define freezing rate in terms of the thickness frozen in unit time.
Due to less ice dendrites and thicker lamellas being formed under low freezing rate, the CNTs/CHI composite foams prepared under low freezing rate (6 mm min−1) possesses better mechanical properties than those prepared under high freezing rate (10 cm min−1).
