Petri-nets are used for modelling of railway interlocking components to ensure safety and deadlock free requirements (Giua and Seatzu 2008).
Firstly, a position loop controller is designed for the position tracking, where an auxiliary dynamic system with suitable parameters is introduced to warrant the singularity-free requirement for the extracted command attitude.
The authors propose new theorems and their proofs on requirements affecting affordability, propose a new complexity metric at requirement stage that measures the complexity limit of the system at conceptual stage (even before a specific design is determined), and propose two methodologies to elicit excess-free requirement sets and to identify conflicting requirements more effectively.
To fulfill the delamination-free requirement for an ideal dual-layer hollow fiber for pressure-driven separation processes, two novel methods have been proposed in this work: (1) the addition of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles in the inner layer followed by heat treatment; and (2) the introduction of early convective premixing with the aid of an indented and heated dual-layer spinneret.
The method needs to address several aspects, including the scale-free requirement and distributed nature of the problem, consideration of renewable resources, allowing consumers to sell electricity back to the main grid, and adaptivity to a local change in the solution point.
The relatively large measurement uncertainty of beer #1 (47% RSD) can be explained by the fact that this beer was an alcohol-free type with a residual alcohol content of below 0.1% vol. This is at the lower end of the detection range of the instrument, but our results show that the infrared sensor can still be adequately used to check the alcohol-free requirement of such beverages.
If raw materials such as stearate derived from bovine fat have been used in single-use component manufacturing processes, they should meet the animal-free requirement criteria (e.g. standard for biological ingredients in Japan).
The patisserie is sensitive to lactose-free requirements too, and has meals and cakes without dairy – the pistachio and redcurrant cake is particularly good.
The origins of the drag-free requirements are discussed, and a control system is presented which meets the requirements under realistic assumptions for noise levels.
Although at first not seemingly demanding, the formation control induces non-gravitational accelerations, that are obliged to respect tight drag-free requirements, and are constrained by millinewton thrust bounds so as to curtail electric thruster throttability.
Although at first sight not demanding, the formation control induces non-gravitational accelerations, that are obliged to respect tight drag-free requirements, and are constrained by millinewton thrust bounds so as to curtail electric thruster throttability.
