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The circles indicate contrasts free of age confounds (i.e., ongoing task and intelligence confound) and squares indicate contrasts with ongoing task, intelligence, or both confounds.
Measures of the second category (the standardized questionnaire scores) would be expected to be free of age and gender effects, but probably not of study-centre effects, because only one (US) normative sample is used.
Means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated once the data were cleared of outliers and were confirmed to have a normal distribution and to be free of age, heart rate and gender bias.
Look for postcards that are clean and free of age or grime marks where possible.
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The animals are free of age-related disease and appear healthy in every respect except that they are generally less fertile.
That may explain why older athletes aren't just more cardiovascularly fit than their sedentary counterparts — they are more free of age-related illness in general.
The search yielded 162 contrasts free of age-related confounds and 71 contrasts with age confounds.
To optimize the discovery of AMD susceptibility loci we thus selected controls from the oldest AREDS and BMES participants who were essentially free of age-related macular abnormalities.
Panel A shows dp calculated by Henry et al. as a function of older adults performance (test difficulty) for laboratory conditions that were free of age-confounds only (color of the circles indicate prospective memory subdomain: red = event-cued prospective memory proper, blue = event-cued vigilance, green = time-cued vigilance).
Even though it was recently reported that the ability of CR to increase the lifespan of non-human primates is somewhat ambiguous, it was shown to significantly increase the healthspan (the proportion of lifespan free of age-associated diseases and frailty) of these animals [ 31, 32].
In this study, but not in the NIA study, age-related mortality was significantly lower in the DR than in the control monkeys; however, both studies found that the percentage of animals free of age-related diseases was higher in the DR than in the control group (Colman et al., 2009; Mattison et al., 2012).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com