"But what we really don't know is to what extent societal norms like political fraud, corruption, and tax evasion trickle down and to what extent such societal norms corrupt individuals," says Shaul Shalvi, a behavioral scientist at the University of Amsterdam who was not involved in the work.
Accusations include tax fraud, corruption and paying for sex with a minor.
It would be more fiscally responsible to attack tax fraud, corruption and organised crime.
Mr. Zuma was later charged with 16 counts of fraud, corruption and racketeering.
This rule exposes multinationals to the fraud, corruption and overstaffing that are rife in Chinese businesses.
Finally, on governance issues, women on boards correlate to: less fraud, corruption and misreporting of numbers.
"Internal change" — like cleaning up banking fraud, corruption, and cronyism — Acocella says, "would be a big step forward".
Caught in the new spotlight, port officials, politicians and contractors have traded accusations of fraud, corruption and waste.
He is also due to stand trial next month on charges of fraud, corruption, money-laundering and racketeering.
And every year vast sums of this money are lost to fraud, corruption, overcharging, and under-delivery by private contractors.
