Framing of responses and problems as 'medical' was one way that the GPs justified and legitimised their on-going involvement with families who had known maltreatment-related problems.
Throughout the history of AIDS research and response, there has been a tendency toward polarized debates, depicted by a series of "either-or" framing of responses (i.e. debating the need for treatment versus prevention, as has happened among multilateral institutions, or the need for drugs versus nutrition, as has been the case in many African contexts, most notably in South Africa [ 19]).
Eligible studies also elicited preferences in different ways and it is possible that framing of response options as a binary choice (CPR vs no CPR) or as choice between three options (life-prolonging care, limited care, or comfort care) may have influenced participants' stated preferences.
For self-report symptom measures, decisions include symptom dimensions to evaluate, methods of scaling symptoms, and the time frame of responses.
Item randomization avoids framing of item responses by precedent items.
Just as the framing of policy responses to social problems is regarded as a representation of how the original 'problem' is understood [ 27], so analysis of how lay people construct new knowledge offer insights into their interpretation and response to existing and observable situations.
So far, the observed accumulation of anthocyanin after biotic stress was discussed in the frame of defense responses of resistant cultivars (Hammerschmidt and Nicholson, 1977; Hipskind et al., 1996).
Furthermore, time frames of behavioural responses, in our case to termination of playback, may not be simply immediate but involve broader time frames of tens of minutes, hours or days [ 20].
For example, STAT-3 is known to play role in liver regeneration [ 28, 46, 47] and analysis of our samples confirmed that STAT-3 activation occurred during the time frame of early responses that we investigated here.
However, the relative contribution of the pathways in high and low oxidative fibers, the effect of nutritional status (e.g., amino acids and carbohydrates) and also the time frames of the responses that convert mechanical events at the sarcolemma onto the intracellular signaling structure are still poorly understood.
Then, the facilitator discussed all five characteristics and examples to frame the types of responses that might be elicited by different characteristics.
