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The main weakness is that the data were necessarily collected retrospectively and so are subject to recall and framing bias.
22 The main weakness is that the interviews are necessarily retrospective and subject to recall and framing bias.
Despite relatively high levels of health numeracy according to these scales, numeracy measures are still important determinants underlying susceptibility to framing bias.
To investigate framing bias, we compared the risk rating scores for a surgical risk for two different framing conditions (survival rate vs. death rate) for each respondent group.
Furthermore, as shown in the previous studies, health numeracy was still associated with framing bias with individuals whose Lipkus-J performance was below the median being significantly influenced by how probability was framed when they rated surgical risks.
Using semistructured interviews close to diagnosis allowed in-depth exploration of the participants' experiences and views, but the accounts are necessarily retrospective and subject to recall and framing bias.
Similar(37)
Despite this shortcoming, this study explored the lack of balance in media reporting through the more common forms of omission and framing biases [ 28, 31, 32].
These include, for example: social matching/mismatching between the individuals in the stories and the individuals viewing the decision aid; inadvertent story-induced misrepresentations, such as over/under-weighting of risks/benefits; and hidden story-induced framing biases [ 49- 51].
Based on 30 gain-loss framing decisions, not only did the federal agents exhibit larger framing biases than college students, they were also more confident in their judgments.
Like the other uptake sequences, A. pleuropneumoniae uptake sequences in coding regions exhibit a strong reading frame bias, with almost half in frame three in the coding orientation (table 2).
As a quality control step, we analysed the apparent reading frame of each uORF with respect to that of the true ORF, to test whether there was any frame bias (see Additional File 3).
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