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In a field experiment, we provide financial incentives to teachers framed either as gains, received at the end of the year, or as losses, in which teachers receive upfront bonuses that must be paid back if their students do not improve sufficiently.
After Katrina, "poor and mostly African-American victims were simplistically framed either as looters and dangerous thugs or as 'deserving' victims — mainly women and children — who were helpless and unable to care for themselves in the aftermath of the disaster," Tierney wrote.
They identified two possible ways in which pollution could be framed; either as an unavoidable side effect of valuable production activities or as a morally discreditable practice, something that attracts blame.
For instance, control and value have been usually framed as distinct state concepts close to the situation so far, and thus, the question whether control and value appraisals interact differently when being framed either as situational or individual resources remains an important desideratum in research.
Much of the literature on community participation is driven by ideological and political commitments to participation, contested and framed either as a basic human right, a pragmatic strategy to utilise services or as pathway to empowerment [ 16].
In both SG and TTO, the health state to be assessed is compared to an alternative that can be framed either as a gain or a loss and it is well known, from many studies, that the type of framing affects behavior, especially in the case of the SG method [ 23].
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The phrasing of survey items was varied to frame voting either as the enactment of a personal identity (e.g., "being a voter") or as simply a behavior (e.g., "voting").
The relative importance of immediate versus future health outcomes differed substantially when framed as either medication harms as opposed to therapeutic benefits.
Republicans acknowledge they could suffer some short-term damage from an issue easily framed as either favoring health care for poor children — or not.
Because our Bob Knight problem was framed as either a moral question -- Is it wrong to throw chairs, talk dirty and choke your players?
Our findings further suggest that if some ambiguity exists about the product — for instance, oatmeal cookies could be framed as either healthy or indulgent — then it would be safer to use the healthy framing when using a busyness appeal.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com