This paper discusses the failure mechanism of elevated concrete tanks with shaft and frame staging (supporting system) along with seismic behavior of these construction types.
Pre-normative elevated liquid storage tanks with reinforced concrete (R/C) frame staging are among the most seismically vulnerable structures in urban areas, due to their unfavourable earthquake-resistant configuration.
According to results of analyses and observed inelastic behavior during past earthquakes, the R factors for shaft and frame staging elevated concrete tanks have been evaluated regarding the seismicity of the site.
In order to modify the current code-based seismic design methodology, computer models have been established to determine the response modification factors, R, of the shaft and frame staging elevated tanks.
Subsequent examination on seismic response of representative tanks indicates that the columns of the frame-supported tanks (tanks with frame staging) and the wall of the shaft-staging of such reinforced concrete (R/C) tanks are susceptible to tension, particularly at tank empty condition.
During a short developmental time frame (stages 24 25), Ino-Pax2/5/8 is expressed in the eyes (Figs. 5 and 10b, c), resembling the situation of the adult gastropod Haliotis asinina [ 29].
He held that, in order to be relevant, the theatre must reject the picture-frame stage and the Italianate auditorium.
Even on a purely practical level, the revolving set forces the Young Vic to sacrifice its usual intimacy by adopting a straight-edged, picture-frame stage.
The then-current picture-frame stage called for passivity of response in audiences and their separation from the actors, lest the spell of illusion be broken.
But the fact that producers and directors are encouraging such experiments reflects a growing dissatisfaction among theatre-makers with the conventional arrangement of spectators sitting in tiered rows facing the picture-frame stage known as a proscenium arch.
