Mathematical models in the Earth centered inertial (ECI) frame are formulated to simulate the GPS constellation and to generate GPS measurements.
In this paper the optimum design problem of steel space frames is formulated according to the provisions of LRFD-AISC (Load and Resistance factor design of American Institute of Steel Construction) in which the effect of warping is also taken into account.
In this study optimum design problem of steel space frames is formulated according to the provisions of LRFD-AISC and its solution is obtained by using enhanced artificial bee colony algorithm.
The natural frequency maximization problem of frame structures is formulated as a non-parametric shape optimization problem under the volume constraint.
According to the NP test criterion, the search for the optimal thresholds (lambda _{0,k}^) and (lambda _{1,k}^) with respect to each frame k is formulated as the optimization problem below begin{array}{*{20}l} &max_{lambda_{0,k},lambda_{1,k}} P_{d,k} (lambda_{0,k},lambda_{1,k}) &s.t.t
The plate-and-frame model is formulated with consideration of flow directions, and the modified spiral-wound model is formulated with consideration of its geometric characteristics.
In this study, a six parameter spectral plane frame joint element is formulated using linear and rotational springs to account for semi-rigidity of joints.
Finally, the spatiotemporal saliency map of the frame in the video sequence is formulated as follows: S ST ( p ) = ( 1 − w t ) S S ( p ) + w t S T ( p ) (12). with w t =e−α E, α is a constant factor which adjust the weight.
The disc is formulated in an Eulerian frame where the convective terms are defined by the angular velocity.
Below, it is formulated in a concomitant reference frame moving on the bore hole surface constraining the DS transformation.
