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The model consists of frame elements for the columns and shell elements for the slabs, both connected with flexural and torsion hinges.
The building is modeled as a three-dimensional (3D) frame structure using frame elements for columns, longitudinal beams, and transverse beams and shell element for slabs.
However, modeling of R/C buildings using frame elements for columns and/or SWs overestimates the fundamental periods of R/C buildings.
The building is modeled as 3D frame structure using frame elements for columns, longitudinal beams and transverse beams, shell element for slabs and raft and spring element for soil.
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Two types of finite elements were used: the 1st was the enhanced cable element for the cable; the 2nd was the frame element for the bridge girder and the hangers.
Three type of finite elements were used: the 1st was the enhanced cable element for the cable (Ahmadi-Kashani 1983; Tibert 1999); the 2nd was the frame element for the bridge girder; and the 3rd the kinematic rigid element for the hangers.
A semantic frame is a description of a type of event, relation, or entity, and comprises frame elements that may include, for example, the person carrying out an action and the object on which it is carried out.
Through the use of a 'plasticity-factor' that measures the degree of plastification, the standard elastic and geometric stiffness matrices for frame elements (beams, columns, etc).
Significant benefits are found in using force-based frame element models for both response and response sensitivity analysis in terms of trade-off between accuracy and computational cost.
This study is concerned with the evaluation of the accuracy and efficiency of commonly available numerical models for RC frame elements.
For instance, our frame elements on the sphere consist of smooth functions supported on small shrinking caps.
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