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A conspicuous example is the fragmentation of cells or organelles: the intact and the completely fragmented states are easy to recognize while the degree of partial fragmentation is difficult to gage, thus often involving human experts and time-consuming manual processes.
Apoptosis results in fragmentation of cells into apoptotic bodies which are engulfed by neighboring cells and macrophages [16].
The results drawn from DNA smearing studies indicate that AgNPs derived from A. princeps one of the potent inducer of ROS and eventually this ROS generation induces DNA fragmentation of cells.
Note the lack of DNA condensation and fragmentation of cells with high phospho-H2AX and p53 signals.
In our experiments, IBDV infection produced a CPE characterized by a marked granulation of cell cytoplasm, particularly around the nucleus, and further resulted in cell rounding, followed by fragmentation of cells into small particles and finally detachment from the substrate, until eventually the entire monolayer was destructed.
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Importantly, fragmentation of empty hyphal ghosts was not observed, thus constituting direct evidence that autolysis in aging submerged cultures of A. niger is rather initiated by cell death than by hydrolytic weakening and fragmentation of cell walls.
Study from our group introduced a variety of markers to exclude the presence of apoptosis in fangchinoline-treated hepatocellular carcinoma cells, including presentation of Annexin V on dying cells, fragmentation of cell DNA, and cleavage of caspases [ 40].
In order to detect the mode of cell death of apoptosis, morphological features of apoptosis (such as compaction and fragmentation of cell nucleus) is a highly relevant method [ 61].
At lesion edges and less prominently in lesion centers, a substantial proportion of ferritin- and iron-containing microglia displayed dystrophic features such as focal swellings, fragmentation of cell processes, or cytorrhexis (Fig 4A, B).
Nuclei condensation and DNA fragmentation of apoptotic cells, Annexin-V-positive cells, and PI-positive necrotic cells were visualized and scored by fluorescence microscopy (Olympus IX51 with DP70) as previously described [ 17].
Five ml of Annexin V-FITC conjugate was added to each sample and then incubated in the dark for 15 min before analysis by flow cytometry which may underestimate the number of dead cells due to fragmentation of floating cells.
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