Knowledge system, in shortest, is fragmentation imposed upon the continuum of reality".
This is something that the so-called Islamic State recognised when they called the agreement "a symbol of the fragmentation imposed upon Muslims".
Over all species, the magnitude of the effect imposed by fragmentation was significantly different from 0 (see the 95% confidence interval in Fig. 4A), but was significantly heterogeneous among species (Qt = 24.44, d.f. = 3, P < 0.001).
Over all species, the magnitude of the effect imposed by fragmentation was significantly different from 0 (Fig. 4B), and did not differ significantly among species (Qt = 1.58, d.f. = 3, P = 0.661).
Another interesting question is whether polynomial-time methods for tree alignment of unordered trees, such as the constrained tree edit distance (Zhang, 1996), can be used for aligning fragmentation trees: whereas the restrictions imposed by Zhang (1996) have no sensible interpretation in the context of fragmentation trees, quality of results may still be sufficient for certain applications.
Here we examine the shifts experienced by understory herb assemblages while inhabiting small forest fragments in a fragmented Atlantic forest landscape to infer about community-level shifts imposed by either habitat loss or fragmentation.
This is, however, not the case under the nonequilibrium situation imposed by the recent or on-going fragmentation of wildlife populations, where gene flow and local drift may vary over time and among patches.
We conclude that whilst haplodiploids may suffer less inbreeding depression than diploid species, they are still highly vulnerable to population fragmentation and reduced genetic diversity due to the extreme costs imposed by the production of diploid males.
Despite receiving a number of significant negative forces, including the loss of large areas of grazing land through the 1904 and 1911 treaties imposed by the colonial government (Keen 1962), the land fragmentation that accompanied the GR policy and broader forces associated with increased globalisation, the socio-ecological systems of the Laikipia Maasai have survived fairly well.
Landscape genetics can help to identify discontinuities in gene flow and determine the relative resistance to movement imposed by different landscape elements, offering a powerful tool to understand the impacts of habitat fragmentation and inform on ground conservation practices aimed to maintain or promote population connectivity (Segelbacher et al. 2010).
