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The loss of fibers > 20 μm in length may correspond to the fiber fragmentation hypothesis.
The fragmentation hypothesis has received some, albeit not always consistent, support (for reviews see McNally, 2003; Ehlers et al., 2004).
Using observed patterns of shared and private haplotypes from the networks, we tested the postglacial fragmentation hypothesis against other plausible divergence scenarios such as ancient fragmentation and demographic expansion during the last glaciation.
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The origin of the Ozark population of D. monticola was investigated with Nested Clade Analysis [ 44, 45] in order to test between two alternate hypotheses: past fragmentation (a natural historical relict) or long distance colonization (human-mediated introduction).
The network analysis confirmed our hypothesis of strong fragmentation: we found little collaboration between the water supply and wastewater sector (confirming horizontal fragmentation), and few ties between local, cantonal, and national actors (confirming vertical fragmentation).
Here we test the hypothesis that habitat fragmentation changes the relative contribution of tree species within categories of reproductive traits (frequency of traits) and reduces the functional diversity of tree assemblages.
To reject the null hypothesis of allopatric fragmentation, in which samples were grouped according to the geographic scenario described above, we should observe a significantly smaller s between the recovered gene tree and our hypotheses than between gene trees simulated under an allopatric fragmentation and our hypotheses.
Therefore, the hypothesis of recent fragmentation of a large population with recurrent gene flow is highly probable.
This study provides the most robust genetic support to date for the paleoecological hypothesis of postglacial fragmentation of sky islands.
Consistent with our hypothesis, apoptotic DNA fragmentation significantly increased in L-Pro-treated Atf4 KD ESCs compared with control (Supplementary Figure 5d, left panel).
However, these differences strongly support the hypothesis that forced fragmentation might be a feasible pathway to increase energy expenditure in BAT.
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