Such evolutional changes based on mutually opposite processes of void agglomeration (fragmentation), expansion (contraction), coarsening (refining), and charging (discharging) [23] are also finished in modified PT-rate in defects κ d.
The nested clade analysis (NCA) on haplotypes of R. solani AG-3 from potato was performed with the objective of discriminating between phylogenetic patterns that result from historical events (for example, past fragmentation, expansion, colonization) and from those due to recurrent gene flow [ 34, 35].
Field sites span geographic regions where forests have been subject to different forms of anthropogenic disturbance, including fire, hurricanes, fragmentation, and expansion of tree plantations.
In addition, processes such as xenolith fragmentation and expansion due to thermal stresses and volatile dissolution (cf. refs 9, 17, 35 and 41) would aid and accelerate xenolith melting.
Professor Dai Qiang has been working with scientists at the panda research base to create computer simulations mapping the effects of habitat fragmentation or expansion on the collective gene pool of endangered species.
Recurrent fragmentation and expansion provides opportunities for initial divergence, repeated secondary contact, hybridization, and demographic fluctuation [ 8].
Depending on species' ecological tolerances, these climate fluctuations must have caused range reduction and fragmentation, or expansion and merging.
Glaciation events and an overall global cooling trend throughout the Eocene led to environmental diversification via forest fragmentation and expansion of open habitats.
Because of these associations, species of Nanotriton, like higher elevation salamanders, could be used to test for effects of historical forest fragmentation or expansion, in addition to examining effects of geological barriers such as major mountain ranges or fault zones.
This analysis uses the temporal information contained in the haplotype tree to partition historical (fragmentation, range expansion) from current (gene flow, genetic drift, system of mating) processes responsible for the observed pattern of genetic variation.
Not only has the Iberian Peninsula sourced the northern redistribution of species after ice ages, but it has also facilitated diversification through patterns of repeated population fragmentation, contraction, expansion and admixture.
