Against a robust body of positive evidence however, social protection systems in many countries are still challenged by fragmentation, low coverage, and limited linkages with other services.
Despite these breakthroughs, H. E. the Vice-President and Minister for Women's Affairs of Gambia recognized the "notable gaps in the system related to fragmentation, scope, coverage and financing, as well as institutional weaknesses in design and delivery of programmes" which, she pointed out, "limits the system's effectiveness".
In those countries with established social insurance schemes there is continuing concern over the issues and challenges of fragmentation, partial population coverage and difficulties in generating sufficient pooling.
In this study we interrogate multiple sequence signals that appear due to the non-random nature of cell-free DNA fragmentation using high coverage sequencing of maternal plasma.
We therefore conclude that genetic distance of A. americanum and I. scapularis, compounded by fragmentation and low coverage of the reference databases of I. scapularis, contributes significantly to the high representation of unknown genes in A. americanum.
These values are indeed unexpectedly low for intraspecific BLAST searches, supporting fragmentation and low coverage of the I. scapularis datasets as a potential source of low homology between A. americanum and I. scapularis.
The number of A. americanum ESTs that failed to match against an I. scapularis dataset was then multiplied by the proportion of I. scapularis ESTs matching that same dataset, in order to discount the proportion of ESTs that may have failed to match due to fragmentation or low coverage of the I. scapularis genome assembly.
This method of fragmentation provides more reproducible coverage because all the ions are fragmented each run, and the identified peptides are not limited by which precursor ions are select for tandem MS. Furthermore, since only one fragmented ion scan is performed for each survey scan, there is far more quantitative data for the parent ions.
These metrics of landscape structure were used as proxies for fragmentation, which indicates tissue coverage and connectedness.
