Inbreeding in R. mucronata and R. stylosa could be similarly expected in naturally fragmented mangrove habitats, as fragmentation reduces pollen availability and the number of pollen donor in wind-pollinated plants [ 60, 61].
Such rapid forest loss and associated fragmentation reduces the availability of suitable habitat for wildlife and creates dispersion barriers.
The second reason is that the high level of fragmentation and the availability of disaggregated trade data allow us to classify this industry into four different sectors.
Fragmentation decreases the availability of undisturbed habitat (Jędrzejewski et al. 2001) whereas large roads can affect wolf movement (Whittington et al. 2004) and in some cases act as barriers that limit dispersal and distribution on the population level (Alexander and Waters 2000), but see also Blanco et al. (2005).
In addition, many species (particularly frugivorous ones) modify their diet when living in fragments because fragmentation often results in reduced availability of fruit for forest-dwelling animals [Arroyo-Rodríguez & Mandujano, 2006; Cordeiro & Howe, 2001; Dunn et al., 2010; Laurance et al., 1997; Putz et al., 1990].
Availability and fragmentation of habitat are today identified as key determinants of population maintenance.
Hunting occurred preferentially inside closed deciduous oak forest in both regions, but commuting distances and foraging areas were larger in the Atlantic, together with higher habitat fragmentation and lower prey availability.
We evaluated the effects of both habitat availability and fragmentation at three spatial scales on both the occurrence and two "physiological state" indicators (body condition and level of stress hormone) reflecting the physical state of common toads (Bufo bufo).
Concurrently, changes in global redox budgets, sea level, or oceanic DOC reservoir size during the Shuram event may have contributed to biologic turnover by causing environmental disturbances, promoting metapopulation fragmentation, and/or limiting DOC availability for osmotrophic organisms.
The second rapid diversification was likely the result of species fragmentation and increased niche availability, when isolated taxa dispersed short distances into the rich habitat mosaics formed by geological processes during the Pliocene, giving rise to the present-day distribution of Aloe.
