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Simulation results demonstrate that supercritical CO2 fracturing indeed has a lower fracture initiation pressure and a significantly lower breakdown pressure, as observed in experiments, and that fractures with greater complexity than those developed with liquid CO2 and water fracturing result.
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Carbonate reservoirs are mixed or oil wet reservoirs and most of these reservoirs are fractured, resulting in low oil recovery.
These features significantly affect hydraulic fracturing results that can be modeled in laboratory scale testing.
"Stimulated Rock Area (SRA)" is proposed as an evaluation index for the hydraulic fracturing results.
The simultaneous and sequential fracturing results show that the generated fracture network geometries are strongly influenced by the mechanical interactions among the fractures or fracturing stages.
Vertebral fractures result in lost height, a bent-over posture and often, chronic and debilitating pain.
Stress fractures result from microdamage that accumulates during exercise, exceeding the body's natural ability to repair the damage.
Calcaneal fractures result from high-energy mechanisms of injury.
Tibial pilon fractures result from high-energy trauma unlike usual ankle fractures.
Combined anterior ligamentous injury and posterior element fractures result in spinal instability.
Fragility fractures, including neck of femur fractures, result from reductions in the amount, quality and architecture of bone.
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