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(1) Confining pressure increases the elasticity, strength (e.g., yield point and ultimate fracture stress), and ductility.
Forces are converted to uplift tensile stresses through analysis of exfoliation sheet geometry (see Methods—"Fracture stress intensity analysis" section).
The fracture stress of mixed gels corresponded to the fracture stress of the strongest of the two gels.
The fracture stress, fracture strain and fracture energies were determined.
The tensile fracture stress, σFT, is about 1.58 GPa, which is lower than the compressive fracture stress, σFC =1.69 GPa).
These films have lower fracture toughness than the surrounding grains, with a correspondingly lower fracture stress.
If this stress exceeds the fracture stress of silicon, defects are generated within the bulk region.
Such high stresses are beneficial provided they do not exceed the fracture stress of collagen.
The highest particle fracture stress is obtained using toluene as the bridging liquid regardless of temperature.
Two calculated outputs for each sample were Young's modulus of elasticity and fracture stress.
This leads to the independence of the measured the local cleavage fracture stress σf and the macroscopic cleavage fracture stress σF on loading rate, notch geometry and loading mode.
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