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Instead, concentration correction factors can be introduced to account for either errors in the concentration determination or for the presence of inactive fractions of material.
The temperature-dependent properties of the FG shell are assumed to be graded through the thickness according to a simple rule of mixture and power-law function of volume fractions of material constituents.
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The spatial volume fractions of materials of FGM (size problem) and the shape design parameters are considered.
However, there is still an obstacle to substituting large fractions of materials with MSW ash (Chimenos et al. 1999).
Two recent strategies for realizing such gains have been (i) increasing the number of interfaces or effectively the volume fraction of material located in the interfacial regions and (ii) tailoring the structure of grain boundaries by changing interfacial chemistry.
Second cycle slake durability index values (Id2) are the percentage of the fraction of material retained in the drum after the second cycle test is completed.
The volume fraction of material constituents is assumed to vary via a power-law function through the thickness in both steps.
Large pendant structures, and more localized defects, persist and comprise a substantial fraction of material that is not contributing to network strength.
Irradiation of a-CNWs with 70 keV H+ ion at 1000 K gradually increases the fraction of material with a diamond structure with increasing dose from 1 × 1016 to 1 × 1017 ions/cm[2].
In addition, one should also consider some of these small cubes as voids (void fraction) and some of them as the film material (fraction of material inclusions).
Different methods include different mechanisms of action of antioxidants, while during extraction of antioxidants, solubility of the antioxidant in reaction media can be a limiting step since there is always an insoluble fraction of material [2].
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