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Arithmetic entropy coding schemes can map a number of input symbols to a single code-bit or to fractions of code-bits resulting in improved overall compression efficiency.
Generally, every parallel algorithm has a fraction of code that needs to be executed sequentially.
We found that a substantial fraction of coding-gene promoters sustain divergent transcription of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)/mRNA gene pairs.
Microbial genomes typically contain a much larger fraction of coding than noncoding DNA.
While prokaryotes have, on average, a higher fraction of coding DNA than eukaryotes, the latter has a seemingly more advanced DNA composition with large, non-protein coding regions [1].
Notably, in both species the fraction of coding DNA is very high (67 74%).
However, it is increasingly recognized that a substantial fraction of coding genes are transcribed on both strands, yielding sense as well as antisense transcripts.
Cumulative match length was used to calculate the fraction of coding sequences in the rye genome as described for repetitive elements.
These results argue that patterns of bias in coding and noncoding sequences are usually in agreement and that the different fraction of coding sequence in different genomes is unlikely to be the source of their different bias patterns.
However, the higher conservation of human coding repeats compared to those that are non-coding and of similar composition indicates that purifying selection acts on a significant fraction of coding repeats [ 34].
In particular, if BDS was absent or very weak in coding regions, we would have less power to detect genome-wide BDS in species with a high fraction of coding DNA, such as worm and yeast.
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