Drug-resistant mutants are selected by drug pressure in a fraction (termed selection, π, having a value between 50% to 100%) of those individuals who become infected by wild-type virus while on PrEP (e.g. emergence of mutants with: K65R with tenofovir [21] [23]; M184V with emtricitabine [24]; and M184V+K65R with tenofovir+emtricitabine [25], [26]).
By sequencing the selected strains the authors were able to measure the fraction of selection by a reversion mutation versus a compensatory one.
In this paper, both the evaporator and the condenser are divided into three different zones, and the impact of heat transfer correlations and void fraction models selection on the working fluid mass calculation results have been discussed.
Hence, we separated a primary uncultured stromal cell fraction using negative selection of CD45-PE and positive selection of CD271-APC when sufficient numbers of BM mononuclear cells were available.
We ascribe this small fraction to our selection criteria implemented in selecting TUs to be validated.
This parameter is also the expected fraction of the selection differential transmitted from the parental to the offspring generation, and is crucial in artificial selection [ 15].
Monocytes were separated from the PBMC fraction by negative selection using the Pan Monocyte Isolation Kit, human (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).
T-lymphocytes were enriched from the PB mononuclear cells fraction by positive selection of CD3 antibody-labeled cells by magnetic bead separation using standard protocols (StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, CA, USA).
One possibility is that pervasive epistasis biases the McDonald Kreitman test toward overestimating the true fraction of positive selection in evolution, and, therefore, the test may not be appropriate if epistasis is a common feature of protein evolution.
MM cells were enriched for the plasma-cell fraction by negative selection using the RosetteSep human MM cell enrichment cocktail (StemCell Technologies, Grenoble, France) and Ficoll-Hypaque (Nycomed, Oslo, Norway) density-gradient centrifugation.
