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Because laser emissions are directional, measurements taken from only one scan position may result in insufficient point cloud coverage with a large fraction of shadows in the data (Hayakawa and Oguchi 2016).
The studied forest canopies are self-similar on length-scales of 5 11 m, and show translational invariance on scales above 20 m (central and western Amazonia) and 30 m (eastern Amazonia) For a restricted range of solar elevation angles, the ITH appears to be determined mainly by the mean size of tree crowns, and by the fraction of large (shadow-generating) trees.
Design and deposition of different Mn nano-sculptured thin films indicated that structural symmetry, surface roughness and surface void fraction as result of shadowing effect (80° deposition angle) may enhance hydrophobicity.
That is just a fraction of the city's estimated 22,000 "shadow" condo units: unfinished apartments in stalled buildings, or completed units not yet listed for sale.
Fig. 2 The size of the shadow economy as a fraction of GDP for each country in 2007.
"Bohyun Yoon: Structure of Shadow," sculptures.
Figure 2 shows the process of shadow detection.
Small foci of shadow neural and glial cells are visible.
The analyses of the AFM images indicate that the shadowing effect modifies void fraction of these structures.
Starved of capital, all but a small fraction of Egyptian business owners mine a vast, unregulated shadow market.
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