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To quantify the model's overall predictive accuracy, we measured the fraction of papers that fall within the envelope for all PR papers published in 1960s.
The left entry of each cell indicates P ( toppaper | topmetric ), i.e. the fraction of papers belonging to the top x% successful papers, given that their authors have top x% centrality metrics.
Conversely, the fact it only occurred in a very small fraction of papers seems to suggest that post-retraction citations occurred indiscriminately well beyond the function of the so-called "ceremonial citations" (Via and Schmidle 2007).
And in our surveys of the economics literature, McCloskey and I were alarmed to find the large fraction of papers don't even tell you in what units the variables are being measured, let alone give averages and standard deviations so you can begin to figure out the real economic magnitude of their correlational and coefficients or their regression parameters, and that kind of thing.
In supplementary materials S3.3, we offer additional quantitative assessment of these predictions (fig. S19), demonstrating our model's predictive power pertaining to both the fraction of papers whose citations it correctly predicts and the magnitude of deviations between predicted and the real citations.
According to IPCC, DOC ranges from 0.08 to 0.21 and is estimated from {text{DOC}} = 0.4 P + 0.15 K + 0.3 W, (49 where P fraction of papers in MSW, K fraction of kitchen garbage in MSW, W fraction of woods/leaves in MSW.
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In recent years, the fraction of paper discarded to U.S. landfills (as a percentage of discards before recovery of paper for recycling) was about 33%, whereas for the global study it was about twice that.
"The fraction of cited papers that are at least 10 years older than the paper citing them has increased steadily, from about 28% in 1990 to 36% in 2013".
The broadest trend in the Google Scholar data is clear: The fraction of cited papers that are at least 10 years older than the paper citing them has increased steadily, from about 28% in 1990 to 36% in 2013, the team reports today in a paper posted to the arXiv preprint server.
They have busy lives and they read only a fraction of their papers, so they think just the opposite to us.
Even this over-simplified summary barely covers a fraction of the papers and scientific works that have been carried out in this field.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com