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We model a constant incidence of tuberculosis and assume that the fraction of incident new cases that is drug-resistant (1- y t ) reflects the relative frequency of drug-resistant disease in the most recent treatment generation and the relative transmissibility of drug-resistant compared with drug-sensitive M. tuberculosis.
= transmittance - fraction of incident radiation transmitted.
The QE is the fraction of incident photons registered by a detector.
We also quantify the fraction of incident power which is directed into the beam waist.
The fraction of incident radiation simulated by the interception model successfully reflected plant architecture traits.
A not so trivial question to answer is what fraction of incident radiation is reflected for any given Bragg reflection and why.
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Ministry officials note that a small fraction of incidents make their way to the ministry because most drivers report auto malfunctions to their dealers.
Although chromosomal rearrangements are common to T-ALL, there is still a large fraction of incidents (50%) where normal karyotype is seen [ 1].
We then simulate the performance of incidence-based sampling and compare the estimated fraction of sampled incident cases which are DR to the fraction of all incident cases which are DR; in this latter fraction we include all cases of acquired drug resistance in both the numerator and the denominator.
Another, important parameter that determines the ability to resolve fine features in BSE imaging is the lateral-energy spread of the BSEs, i.e., how far the BSEs emerge from the incident-beam impact point and the fraction of the incident beam energy they have.
In an actual laser cavity, one or both mirrors transmit a fraction of the incident light.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com