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Moreover, by changing the relative fraction of each constituent material in the composite, it was shown that the operating temperature range could be fine-tuned as needed.
Each tow is modeled as a transversely isotropic linear elastic solid and the contribution from each tow to the RUC elastic stiffness is obtained by volume averaging, taking account of the volume fraction of each constituent.
Each tow is modeled as a transversely isotropic linear elastic solid and the contribution from each tow to the RUC elastic bending stiffness is obtained by volume averaging, taking account of the volume fraction of each constituent.
Based on the analytical results of homogenization in linear elasticity, when the randomness of bulk and shear moduli, the volume fraction of each constituent material and correlation among random variables are considered simultaneously, formulas of random mean values and mean square deviations of analytical bounds and estimates are derived from Random Factor Method.
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The G ref θ for such a model is given by (11) G ref θ = ∑ y i 1 y j 2 G (i : j ) 0 i, j = Cd, Pr where the y terms are the site fractions of each constituent in the relevant sublattices, 1 and 2. The term G (i : j ) 0 is the Gibbs energy of formation of the "virtual compound" (or "end member") ij.
A non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface for simultaneously representing both variable thickness and volume fraction distribution of each constituent is employed.
The information includes: (1) 2D geometric boundary of each material region on each layer; (2) volume fraction of each material constituent for each position in each material region; and (3) 2D geometric boundaries of void phases of base cells in material regions with a periodic microstructure.
The soluble fraction of carbohydrates, nitrogen, and proteins in bakery waste refers to the fraction that was solubilized in water, while the insoluble fraction of each waste constituent refers to the fraction that was not soluble in water.
In determination procedures of volumetric fractions of MWNT, volume of each constituent material had to be calculated by using true specific gravity of the materials shown in the Sect.
Design variables include the volume fraction of the constituent materials as well as the length of each segment composing the column.
The design of FGM structures is ideally fitted to optimization techniques, as the optimum material composition is derived by varying the relative volume fraction of the constituent materials.
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