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First, employment in the routine occupations identi ed by Autor et al. (2003) and others account for a signi cant fraction of aggregate employment; averaged over the jobless recovery era, these jobs account for more than 50% of total employment.
Moreover, numerical results indicate that the effective diffusivity of concrete greatly depends on the volume fraction of aggregate (VFA), the increasing of which decreases the effective diffusivity.
Influences of sand ratio, type and volume fraction of aggregate, water cement ratio, saturation degree and load level on thermal conductivity of concrete were investigated.
A lot of parameters affecting the oxygen diffusivity, such as the diffusivity in air, tortuosity, micro-structural properties of hardened cement paste, volumetric fraction of aggregate, are taken into consideration for cementitious materials.
In addition, the model predicts that the chloride diffusivity of concrete composite materials depends on the chloride diffusion coefficient of the matrix and ITZ, volume fraction of the aggregate and ITZ, with the volume fraction of the ITZ influenced by aggregate size distribution, the volume fraction of aggregate and thickness of the ITZ.
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This means that high volume fraction of aggregates can lead to a reduction of the whole diffusivity in the unit volume of concrete.
Here, φa is the effective particle volume fraction given by φa = φ(aa/a)3- D according with the fractal theory, and φin is the solid volume fraction of aggregates given by φin = (aa/a) D -3.
This mapping allows the model-free determination of the internal volume fraction of aggregates, termed compacity κ, to between10%and30%30%, compatible with the TEM analysis.
As a demonstration, the fraction of aggregates in a thermosensitive polymer solution in water was evaluated as a function of temperature.
Experimental results indicate that polycondensation was enhanced in nepheline syenite based specimens, compared to quartz sand, due to the increase in HMAS phases in relation to the dissolution and interaction of amorphous/disordered fraction of aggregates.
The effects of the mesostructural parameters (i.e., the shape, gradation and volume fraction of aggregates and the thickness and permeability of ITZ) on the permeability of concrete are comprehensively investigated.
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