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The data were smoothed by adding a random fraction of a year, since age in whole years was recorded for events, not dates [17], [18].
We converted the month into a fraction of a year and added years to create a continuous outcome variable for each of the four events.
The annual adjustments for adverse events are the product of the loss of utility from the adverse event and the length of the associated health state expressed as a fraction of a year.
If we set the time units for the AUC calculation as a fraction of a year, then an AUC value of 100 implies the leg ulcer patient has been in "good health" for the entire 12-month follow-up period.
Deregressed estimated breeding values (EBVs) [ 23] for 16 production traits (see Supplementary Information for definitions and acronyms) were regressed on birth date (measured as a continuous variable with month and day converted to a decimal fraction of a year) for 3,570 registered Angus animals (Additional file 1: Table S1, Figure 1 and Additional file 1: Figures S3-S16).
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a Ages below zero refer to fetuses and indicate the fractions of a year before birth.
The utility associated with each health state identified in this way was obtained from the EQ5D manual, and then multiplied by the mean duration of the state in years (or fractions of a year) to provide an estimate of the QALY loss associated with each adverse event.
For participants who died, we used an offset to censor their observation at the date of death, such that they only contributed a fraction of a person-year during the year of death.
The best-observed dust clouds near the Sun have masses of several hundred solar masses and sizes ranging from a maximum of about 200 light-years to a fraction of a light-year.
After six months of closed-door negotiations, four weeks of executive orders to keep services in Connecticut running and hours of arguments over what is only a small fraction of a two-year, $13.5 billion state budget, Gov. John G. Rowland said today that the solution was obvious.
Two supermassive black holes orbiting just a fraction of a light-year apart should emit such waves and then give off a burst of them when the black holes merge.
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