Nevertheless, an effect overestimation due to overadjustment for (similar) socio-demographic characteristics cannot be ruled out.
Therefore, adjustment for age may in part reflect overadjustment for exposure.
To avoid overadjustment for between-year variation during the study period, we used a linear function for the year variable.
The limitations of this study, including the composite endpoint and the potential overadjustment for covariates (for example, pneumonia severity), have been discussed elsewhere [ 5, 26].
13 14 However, the frailty index includes several of the comorbidities we included individually in our model, such as diabetes, myocardial infarction and lung disease, and so use of this score may have led to overadjustment for these other important conditions.
In one study (8), we used data from the multivariable model with full control for potential confounders but not for insulin and glucose because magnesium plays an important role in insulin action and glucose homeostasis (5), and adjustment for insulin and glucose, therefore, could represent overadjustment for variables on the causal pathway.
To prevent overadjustment for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), self-reported PAD (n = 1) and nontraumatic amputation (n = 2) were excluded from the definition of prior CVD when the associations between ABI, TBI, and Doppler flow curves and mortality were adjusted for prior CVD.
Although this adjustment using a large number of variable may have resulted in overadjustment, adjusting for both sociodemographic and CVD risk factors was considered important to minimize residual confounding.
Second, restitution for investors.
