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For the realists (dngos smra ba) ultimate truth is a foundational entity (rdzas su yod pa) that withstands rational analysis.
There is a fundamental distinction to be drawn between dravya as a "foundational entity" in the Sarvāstivāda and dravya as "substance" in the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika tradition.
The Madhyamaka rejects this, and argues that if ultimate truth is a foundational entity, it is not possible to attain an awakening to it.
The foundational entity, like substance of the Brahmanical metaphysicians, does not allow modification or change to take place whereas the attainment of awakening is an ongoing process of modification and change.
The second is Bhāvavevika's non-foundationalist ontological argument which demonstrates all phenomena, including the atoms, are ultimately non-foundational, for ultimately there is nothing that can be taken as the foundational entity (dravya) or intrinsically real since the ultimate analysis reveals that all phenomena are composed of the atomic particles that are themselves composites.
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Pot and water are not the foundational entities.
According to the generic sense, therefore, the substances in a given philosophical system are those things which, according to that system, are the foundational or fundamental entities of reality.
Instead of a foundational consciousness, Tsongkhapa posits "the entity of disintegration" (dngos po zhig pa) to account for causality (Hopkins 2003, 934 35).
Upper ontologies roughly coincide in their top-level division between foundational disjoint categories such as material entities, processes, qualities, dispositions and information entities.
Along with positing the entity of disintegration, among the unique features of the Consequence School are that the foundational consciousness and self-awareness are not only denied ultimate existence, but are held to not exist even conventionally.
This paper begins by tracing how models of cognition and human nature formed the foundational design logic (and perceived design constraints) for almost all of the "constituted" political entities of the last two and half centuries.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com