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Non-significant relations were found with overprotection.
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A less-clear split pattern of instability associated with high protectiveness scores was found, suggesting 'inconsistent overprotection'.
However, Freeman et al [ 18] found that parental overprotection and restriction of young people socially led to high levels of anxiety and lacking in confidence.
In addition, the present study found that maternal overprotection increased the risk of hyperventilation syndrome, and less paternal care increased the risk of adjustment disorder.
Finally, regarding some evidence of convergent validity, as expected, many of the purported adaptive emotion socialization strategies were associated with emotional warmth (positive MRP) and negatively with overprotection or rejection (both negative ERP), while the inverse relation was found for maladaptive emotion socialization strategies.
Furthermore, we found an unexpected positive relation with emotional warmth and non-significant relations with rejection (while positive with overprotection).
Neglect use was associated with higher rejection and neglect of sadness and fear with overprotection; punish of sadness and anger with overprotection; and magnify with overprotection and magnify of anger with rejection.
Our findings in pre-schoolers were consistent with parental attitudes of overprotection found in previous research.
Accordingly, they found that parental "care" and "overprotection" were two main factors that can affect bonding experiences with parents.
In contrast, a negative interaction effect was found between FR-EXT and overprotection.
A number of studies using the PBI have found that low care and high overprotection are linked with maladaptive characteristics in adults, such as low self-esteem [ 27], poorer interpersonal relationships [ 28– 30], and difficulties coping with stress [ 31].
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