You'll find offspring in the former, like Eliza Reed Bolen and Lulu de Kwiatkowski, and their parents in the latter, including Annette and Oscar de la Renta (mom and step-father to Eliza), who serve a mean lobster salad, and the de Kwiatkowskis, of Calumet Farm (mom and dad to Lulu).
Accordingly, it cannot be expected to find offspring sex to be dominant enough to result in a strong separation in an analysis taking into account all genes present on the DNA microarray.
Examination of total body composition of wL3 offspring found that offspring from HS-fed females (HS-LS offspring) had no change in body weight (data not shown), but exhibited a mild but significant elevation in whole body glucose and trehalose, whereas glycogen was slightly decreased when compared with control offspring from LS-fed females (LS-LS offspring) (Fig. 2A).
Although offspring birth weight is an important predictor of offspring first year survival, we found that offspring first year survival suffered strong inbreeding depression independent of the effects of inbreeding on birth weight.
In this study, we found all offspring attached to the females were the offspring of the mothers.
A study on bank voles (Myodes glareolus) examined the consequences of monogamy versus polyandry and found that offspring of socially polyandrous females had higher survival than offspring from socially monandrous females (all litters were genetically polyandrous) (Klemme and Ylönen 2010).
No excess rate of congenital abnormalities or genetic disease has been found in offspring of childhood cancer survivors [140,141], or in the offspring of young adults treated for cancer [137].
The authors found that offspring of depressed mothers demonstrated significantly lower levels of PA across childhood than offspring of mothers without a history of depression.
We found that offspring of patients with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy have higher CRP serum levels than offspring of parents without the disease.
We further found that offspring with one or two parents born abroad had a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes compared with offspring to Sweden-born parents.
