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We found no significant modification of NOx concentrations in both groups.
We found no significant modification of effect by sex, age at exposure, or age at risk (web table A).
We found no significant modification of influenza on effects of other pollutants in most disease outcomes under study.
In addition, we found no significant modification by BMI, alcohol consumption, calcium intake, vitamin D intake, physical activity, and menopausal status.
However, we found no significant modification of CRC risk associated with any of the four PTGS2 SNPs we tested (Table 1).
Time-series studies indicate effect modification of short-term pollution exposures by SEP (Jerrett et al. 2004; Lin et al. 2004; Martins et al. 2004), though others found no significant modification (Zanobetti and Schwartz 2000).
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In the Women's Health Study, however, neither aspirin nor vitamin E assignment was associated with risk of haemorrhagic stroke, 28 29 randomised treatment assignments were evenly distributed across migraine groups, and we found no significant effect modification of the association between migraine with aura and haemorrhagic stroke according to randomised treatment assignments.
We found no significant effect modification (all Wald p-values > 0.05), although there were indications of a stronger association with road traffic noise among women (1.11; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.20) compared with men (1.05; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.13) and among participants > 65 years of age (1.12; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.21) compared with younger participants (1.05; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.13).
There was no exposure dependence over the four arsenic exposure quartiles (Table 2), and we found no significant effect modifications (Table 3).
We found no significant seasonal effect modification (p-value = 0.71).
Although we found no significant evidence overall of modification of the interactions by race, the finding that African Americans show apparently less pronounced interactions bears further investigation.
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