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One demonstrated that SRT provided effective local tumor control in the majority of patients [ 22 ], while the other study found efficacy for metastases <2 cm [ 23 ].
Since then, several additional studies suggest that csDMARD combination may be superior to MTX monotherapy, and some even found efficacy to be similar to that of bDMARDs.
Our results confirm earlier animal studies by Kohno et al. [ 11] who have found efficacy of K201 against intracellular Ca2+ leak at the same concentration.
A repeat study in Pailin in 2004, which used the same drug combination but more precise dosing and follow-up at 42 days, found efficacy to be 79.3% (5 ).
Although the first pneumococcal protein D conjugate vaccine trial found efficacy of 11-valent pneumococcal protein D conjugate vaccine (11Pn-PD) against all-cause AOM, NTHi-AOM [ 6], and NTHi NP carriage [ 8], recently published PHiD-CV10 trials have shown no impact against NTHi NP carriage [ 7], or NTHi-AOM [ 9].
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This argument ignores the possibility that, even when a treatment is efficacious, there may be type 2 errors (i.e. failure to find efficacy of a treatment even when it is efficacious).
There is one clinical trial which was the only RCT to meet CONSORT criteria that did find efficacy of HBO [9].
Dialysis is a very specific niche for complex heterogeneous patients, often with high comorbidity; it is rare to find efficacy studies on CAMs tailored to this population.
This is best exemplified by trastuzumab, where development of a companion biomarker allowed clinical trials to find efficacy within the 10 to 15% of women with HER2-overexpressing disease [ 100].
Where an RCT does not find efficacy of a new cancer treatment, it would be difficult to accept a finding of improved outcomes in an observational study of the general population.
The meta-analyses of urogenital treatment efficacy found that the efficacy for azithromycin was lower for those with symptomatic infection compared with doxycycline [ 18].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com