Similar results — namely the broader, 'fatter-tailed' seed shadow of LM — were found when dispersal was expressed as the relative frequency of dispersal distances occurring, and modelled as a pdf using LN (lognormal), IG (inverse Gaussian) and WB (Weibull) fitted functions (Fig. 3).
We also found that dispersal distance and range size are positively correlated across lineages.
Indeed, we found that dispersal and consecutive colonisation rates are higher after warm and dry summers, in which long drought periods can be expected [26].
We also found that dispersal of the interphase centrosome cluster precipitated multipolar mitoses in the treated cells.
Data collected in a separate study (Walsh 2013) in Ohio C. candidum found pollen dispersal to be limited to 1 m within the focal plant.
Nakashizuka et al., found that dispersal rates onto a small debris avalanche slowed with distance to the edge and were dominated by wind dispersed species.
Male and female juveniles' probability to leave the plot of fledging was also differently affected by the plot sex ratio treatment and is partly consistent with the patterns found for dispersal distance (Fig. 5).
Specifically, we found that dispersal specialization leading to high levels of overall cooperation is promoted by sufficient benefit to cost ratios (P : s) of cooperation and by kin selection (low k).
In the blue mussel example, both approaches provide comparable estimates: Gilg and Hilbish (2003) found a dispersal distance of 30 km which is in accordance with the 38 km width of the LAP cline in Long Island (Lassen and Turano 1978) and the 52 km width of the cline between M. edulis and M. trossulus in the Oresund (Väinölä and Hvilsom 1991).
We find that dispersal influences the metapopulation dynamics only in the case that the local or single-patch dynamics exhibit chaotic behavior.
A review of patterns of avian sex-biased dispersal found 11% (6/53) of bird species to have male-biased dispersal and 15% (8/53) showed equal dispersal between sexes (Clarke et al. 1997; Gibbs et al. 2000).
