Additionally, within the additional 12 oil control dam group, the offspring from 6 prenatally oil-treated dams were cross-fostered to the other 6 prenatally oil-treated foster mothers to control for any possible effects of the fostering procedure.
Maternal behaviour was observed daily from PND1 to PND7 by an observer unaware of the litter's status (RCF/CT) in two daily sessions (12.00 12.30 and 16.00 16.30), the first session taking place one hour after the cross fostering procedure on PND1-PND4.
To ensure viability of both the KD dams and pups post parturition, we altered the protocol by adding a fostering procedure at P2.5.
Unlike the 'classical' cross-fostering procedures [41], RCF pups changed caregiver every 24 hours: 4 times in the PND1-PND4 tintervalrval by following a rotation scheme, each dam shifted to 4 different litters and each litter was shifted to 4 different dams (see also Figure S1).
By using the cross-fostering procedure, we further showed that these strain differences remained even after the pups were cross-fostered to another strain of parents, suggesting that the strain-specific song profile is determined by genetic factors and is independent of the juvenile social auditory environment.
The identity of the brood of origin and the brood of rearing was included as random factors to account for the cross-fostering procedure; hence, we controlled for the fact that some chicks (both WPO and EPO) remained in their parental nests but some were raised in foster nests.
"Fostering services must have procedures in place for handling complaints and responding to whistleblowers' concerns," a spokeswoman says.
Many hospitals on the closing list, rather than employing doctors proficient in cutting-edge medical procedures, have built reputations by fostering trust with neighborhood residents — in some cases over multiple generations.
Identification of main constituents is helpful in optimizing manufacturing procedures, ensuring batch consistency and fostering understanding of the clinical effects of the herbal product.
Those demonstrations were an "inseparable part of our process of building democracy and fostering social change".
