Average PCE, estimated from reverse and forward scanned data, of 15.94% before PEAI treatment is improved to 17.62% after 4 mM PEAI treatment mainly due to increase in average FF from 0.696 to 0.751.
Sherwood took one step forward, scanned the darkness with his torch, caught sight of the face and upper torso of a man, recognised the face from the briefing photo: the attempted murder man, the "shoots people in the stomach" man, armed and dangerous.
The average values from the J V curves in reverse and forward scans exhibited a J sc of 21.925 mA/cm2, V oc of 0.86 V, and FF of 62.5 %, corresponding to a PCE of 11.78 % under standard AM1.5G conditions.
Forward rules scan forward from the pathway keyword position for pathway-specific verb phrases (e.g. "induced by", "regulated by", "mediated through", etc).
A triangular wave voltammogram usually has a current peak on the forward scan and a second, inverted peak on the reverse scan representing the opposite reaction (oxidation or reduction) to that observed on the forward scan.
The oxidation occurs in two steps: the oxidation of freshly chemisorbed species in the forward scan and then in the reverse scan the oxidation of the incompletely oxidized carbonaceous species formed during the course of the forward scan.
For the hysteresis test, Fig. 6c and d show the J V curves measured under both reverse- and forward- scan directions.
Forward scan initially activates the negative poling, whereas reverse scan first activates the positive poling, which can lead to the J V hysteretic behavior.
At higher concentration of 10 mM, average PCE is declined again to 15.60% due to the large difference in FF between reverse and forward scan.
