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In response to this limitation, exclusive time has been devoted to formulation of research questions by experienced academic researchers during the consultation and ranking workshop.
Haidt believes that the problems start with the selection and formulation of research topics to begin with.
Specifically, he highlighted that faculty members would like to see clear formulation of research questions, display of background knowledge and signs of compatibility to the department's research profile.
However, there were two items that the students considered they did not develop enough during the scenario: they felt they did not work in depth on some parts of the research work structure: Formulation of research questions and contrasting data.
This paper proposes a 5W+1H pattern to help investigators systematically examine a generic set of dimensions in a mapping study toward the formulation of research questions before identifying, reading, and analyzing sufficient articles of the topic.
The author proposes an ideal path, which leads from the theory to the discussion of results and passes through the following four distinct albeit related steps: (1) formulation of research hypotheses, (2) identification of appropriate methods and study designs, (3) identification of strategies for data analysis, and (4) reading and interpretation of the results.
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International initiatives are underway to tackle these challenges in global health, such as support for engagement of communities in research and formulation of a research and development treaty that will redefine the rules for clinical trials and management of intellectual property rights [ 243, 244].
Thus this project is rooted in the principles of community based participatory research, in which key community stakeholders are involved in the formulation of the research question and consequential research execution and program development [ 14- 17].
It is increasingly clear that a wide range of stakeholders should be included in the problem formulation phase of research aimed at solving environmental problems; indeed the inclusion of stakeholders at this stage has been formalized as an integral part of ecological risk assessment.
Integration of the two research paradigms occurred at the level of formulation of the research question, at the methodology level where the preliminary results of the quantitative research informed the PAR activities and finally at the level of interpretation of the results.
However, the main difficulty when reading basic science abstracts related to the omission of basic information such as the formulation of the research objective and clarification of the research design.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com