In Botstein and Campbell's formulation, modules (composed of either a single gene or more often a group of functionally related ones) are exchanged via flanking conserved "linker" sequences that ensure both the proper placement and regulation of the module in its new phage genomic context (Botstein 1980).
The formulation of software module clustering problem (SMCP) as SBSE problem facilitates the application of many MOEAs.
Here we presented a new formulation of the module identification task: a group of closely connected and co-expressed differentially expressed (DE) genes in genome-wide gene networks are regarded as the signatures of the underlying responsive gene modules at the RNA expression level.
Segal et al. (2003) provided a probabilistic formulation, in which a module is a group of genes with high pair-wise similarities of expression profiles and with a significant fraction of possible interactions.
Then, a module called query formulation can intelligently compose queries that can potentially identify the article from the web and send the queries to a search engine.
The essential assertion of Theorem 3.3 is that any morphism is right determined by some module, the usual formulation of Auslander's First Theorem.
To address this issue, we introduce a new formulation: search for a TF module whose member TFs tend to cooperatively regulate gene expression in multiple instances but not necessarily in all perturbation instances.
Due to the formulation of the method, ambient modules may include reactions for which there is no data, as long as the scores from the surrounding reactions support such an inclusion.
In the proposed formulation, the liquid composition of each module is determined in advance.
In the CSD module, the update Lagrangian formulation for solving the motion of non-linear structure response is deduced, and an implicit time-stepping procedure is adopted.
Finally the optimization formulation can be solved using an optimization module based on nonlinear programming and genetic algorithms.
