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This paper describes the mathematical formulation, equations, and procedures employed in the development of a comprehensive digital computer program for acoustic simulation and analysis of large and complicated piping systems.
The above probabilistic formulation (Equations (4)–(6)) is practically identical to the one proposed by Thijs et al. [42].
Residual error accounts for generic, normally distributed variability in consumer isotope signatures beyond that explained by the basic mixing model formulation (equations 1 2); this error parameterization is thus largely phenomenological since it captures variability in the isotope data, but not variability in the diet of the consumer.
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Considering the presented formulation, Equation 1 is the objective function (OF) which consisted of logistic and annual fixed costs.
The formulation Equation (22) can also be interpreted as the MAP estimation in the Bayesian philosophy as we will see in the next section.
On the other hand, DFI calculations are completely independent of gene length due to its formulation (Equation 1).
In the above single-objective formulation (Equation (33)), we can interpret that the system tries to survive as long as possible without any limitation on the investment of resources used.
Therefore, cancelling terms from the numerator and denominator, (11) which can be written in the following form: This is in the general form of equation (4), where Thus the parameters from the retrospective QCPG formulation (equation (4)) may be interpreted as follows.
Similar to the dual objective formulation (Equation 3), a B value higher than 50% obtained for the flavin secretion indicates that the gain in achieving the target objective outweighs the loss in the other two objectives (biomass growth and cytochrome c production), and vice versa for values below 50%.
This work presents a finite element formulation of equations proposed in a companion paper to describe the hyperelastic response of three-phase porous media.
Simulations were conducted using CFX-4.4 two-phase flow formulation incorporating equations for a population balance model of the flocculation process.
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