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Łukasiewicz takes this propositional basis to be occasionally invoked by Aristotle, for instance in the treatment of indirect proofs, but for the most part left as tacit, and he therefore regards it as legitimate to criticise Aristotle (unlike the Stoics) for not explicitly formulating the underlying propositional logic.
Practical considerations any method should be easily accessible to its end users, who are usually not interested in manipulating or even formulating the underlying equations themselves are certainly major causes for this convergence [ 17].
What the many refutations of instrumentalism really show, Vogler believes, is that formulating the underlying insight psychologistically (as a thesis about mental operations and the mental states involved in them) results in weak and unsustainable renditions of it.
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This paper reported a 'validation' study of the EFSA report, comparing its scores for hazard characterization (HC) and Risk Characterization (RC) with semantic-modelling type scores elicited from a limited number of experts about a selected number of welfare hazards and housing systems for calves according to recommendations formulated in the underlying paper [ 10].
In his prize-winning work, Siegbahn formulated the principles underlying the technique called ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) and refined the instruments used in carrying it out.
Dugald Stewart formulates the principle underlying conjectural history: it has "long been received as an incontrovertible logical maxim that the capacities of the human mind have been in all ages the same, and that the diversity of phenomena exhibited by our species is the result merely of the different circumstances in which men are placed" (Stewart 1854 58, vol. 1, p. 69).
In this work, a novel surface roughness prediction model, in which the kinematics, plastic side flow, material spring back and random factors are considered, is theoretically formulated to reveal the underlying mechanisms for the observed size effect of surface roughness in diamond turning.
We therefore formulate the problem with the underlying constraint that the number of estimations of the bispectrum of the force be kept as small as possible.
Both these problems are formulated through energy method, the underlying principle being the extremisation of total energy of the system in its equilibrium state.
Following exploration of appropriate background material in class and through exploration of the scientific literature, students will learn how to formulate testable hypotheses regarding the underlying causes of the patterns they discern.
In this paper, we will focus on the important design issues underlying a meta-analysis: formulating the study question, identification of research studies, collecting and evaluating information about these studies, and extracting results.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com