By formulating lower and higher order goals and discussing the goal management strategies, participants gain insights into their own behavior and preferences for strategies regarding vital threatened goals.
The theory includes sufficient conditions for dimensional reduction and a systematic procedure to formulate lower-dimensional BVPs.
Deterministic methods, which are the only ones that can rigorously guarantee global optimality, rely on the use of convex envelopes or underestimators to formulate lower-bounding convex problems that are typically combined with spatial branch and bound strategies.
Lobo et al. formulated a lower bound on Lmax given a worker allocation, and an algorithm to find an allocation yielding the smallest such lower bound.
The BMA uncertainty assessment for input variables to energy models respects these uncertainties by formulating a lower bound of uncertainty.
The assessed uncertainty of input variables to energy models can subsequently be used to formulate a lower bound of the associated uncertainty of energy model results, under the introduced premise that the output of an energy model cannot be less uncertain than the input.
Even though lower drug concentrations may reduce IOP, drugs formulated at a lower concentration, as in the studies referenced above, may produce a different clinical response than a degraded medication.
The approach leads to sufficient conditions for when a boundary value problem can be solved as a lower-dimensional one and it shows how to systematically formulate the lower-dimensional problems.
To clarify the characteristics of the operative method formulated based on lower facial height, morphological changes during the 5-year postoperative period were compared between the groups.
The traffic flow propagation is formulated in the lower layer as a system of partial differential equations based on the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards model.
In this model, the upper level is to optimize the position of charging stations so as to maximize the path flows that use the charging stations, while the user equilibrium of route choice with the EV's driving range constraint is formulated in the lower level.
