These were formulated as concretely as possible.
The null hypothesis was formulated as that means of occupation time of TWs, cars, and auto-rickshaws are equal.
Therefore, the localization estimate is formulated as the geometric mean (centroid) of these points.
Taking p to be a center-pixel value to be predicted, and t = [n, s, e, w] T to be a vector of its four-neighboring pixels as in Figure 1, the predicted pixel value p ̂ using CAI4 method can be formulated as p ^ = mean t max t - min t ≤ 20 n + s / 2 e - w - n - s > 20 e + w / 2 n - s - e - w > 20 median t otherwise.
Mode calculation is formulated as an iterative scheme of mean calculation, which takes a certain number of feature points and calculates their weighted mean value by using a kernel function, such as the Gaussian.
Two optimization problems are formulated as minimizing maximum per-user mean square error (MSE) and sum MSE with the per-transmitter power constraint.
If BAF of lth SNP is b l, then observation probability distribution function (pdf) for a hidden state Sk with associated copy number CT can be formulated as: 3 Here, state specific mean is given by: 4 where, NB Sk) is the expected B allele count for state Sk.
The general 3-D constitutive equations are reduced to comply with the beam theory and formulated as ordinary differential equations by means of a set of generalized electro-mechanical stiffnesses.
The robust drag is formulated as a weighted sum of the mean and the standard deviation of the drag coefficient over the space of uncertain parameters.
In the previous study in [9], it has also been argued that the maximum position error (when distance estimation errors are positive) is difficult to compute because the problem is formulated as a nonconvex problem; however, by means of a relaxation technique, an upper bound on the position error can be obtained efficiently [9].
