Then, the 3D localization error, in terms of mean value and standard deviation, is formulated using measurement error, feature point location, and separation between the two X-ray sources and distance from source to detector.
In this section, we formulate the parametric measurement model of target scattering vector in additive Gaussian distributed clutter for the scalar measurement system with adaptive Tx/Rx polarization designs.
We formulate the multiple measurement vector problem in CS-based RFID and demonstrate how a joint recovery of the signal vectors strongly improves the identification speed and noise robustness.
The possible seeds are known to the reader such that it can construct S. As a response to a query, the reader receives a superposition of signature sequences (mathbf {s}_{a_{k}}) that are weighted with the respective channel coefficients h k, which we formulate as CS measurement mathbf{z} = sumlimits_{k=1}^{K} mathbf{s}_{a_{k}} h_{k} +mathbf{w} = mathbf{Sx} + mathbf{w}, (5).
In this review, we have deliberately highlighted important but often ignored discrepancies in the literature surrounding the characterisation of CA. These discrepancies point to a need to formulate new studies and measurement strategies that overcome those methodological limitations.
The corollary approach is to use a spatial interpolation method such as kriging (Carletti et al. 2000; Zirschky 1985) to formulate concentration isopleths from measurements derived from time-integrated samplers.
This led the Work Package 3 of the Prevention of Falls Network Europe to formulate criteria for evaluation of measurement properties of clinical balance measures for fall prevention studies [ 28].
An algorithmic description of the situational variables is formulated and the measurement data of the test drive is analyzed.
We formulated the physical measurement process on the basis of classical information theory without introducing any quantization of the physical system.
Due to the presence of measurement noise, we formulate the reconstruction of the target scene as a basis pursuit denoising (BPDN [29] optimization problem as follows f ̂ cs = argmin f ∥ e cs - Σ G f ∥ 2 2 + Λ cs ∥ f ∥ 1, (25).
