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Knowles (1975) described self-directed learning as a process in which individuals take the initiative, with or without the help of others, to diagnose their learning needs, formulate learning goals, identify the learning resources, select and implement learning strategies, and evaluate learning outcomes.
Finally, exploration is the method in which trainees are encouraged to formulate learning goals and find ways to achieve these [ 9].
Several trainees mentioned that the external mandatory assignment to formulate learning goals promoted self-monitoring, encouraging them to consider learning goals they might otherwise not have formulated.
Similarly Bourner proposed that observable items, like the ability to formulate learning goals, should be used to demonstrate a person's capacity for reflecting.
First, the physicians formulate learning goals by watching videos of their own consultations with cancer patients, which were recorded before the workshop.
The analysis of the interviews revealed that self-regulation of learning occurred in a short and a long loop, of which only the latter was influenced by external regulation like mandatory assessments or assignments to formulate learning goals.
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Subsequently, they [ 36] formulated learning outcomes, which could potentially be mapped to teaching methods and assessment.
The evaluation showed an improvement in quality of jointly formulated learning objectives as well as a moderate effect towards change in interprofessional communication style.
Today's postgraduate training programmes increasingly incorporate educational elements specifically aimed at stimulating learners' self-regulation, such as reflection on experiences, formulating learning goals and documentation of learning in a portfolio [ 24- 26].
This procedure consists of clarifying vague phrases and concepts in the problem, defining the problem, analysing the problem on the basis of prior knowledge, arranging the proposed explanations, formulating learning objectives, trying to fill in the knowledge gaps by means of self study and reporting the findings in the group [ 2].
Our data from word associations allow only a preliminary interpretation and require much greater study about how "variation" as a concept and process, as well as other proposed threshold concepts of randomness and scale, may serve as major nodes for formulating learning goals in genetics and evolution curriculum.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com