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According to Reise and Waller [ 48] this reasoning is problematic when working with quasi-traits: If the underlying latent construct is a quasi-trait, such attempts may be futile – it will be difficult (if not impossible) to formulate items that yield information across the continuum of the trait.
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The formulated items and derived instrument thus can measure vocational identity appropriately, in terms of factorial validity and reliability.
In addition, experimentation was measured using two items selected from the experimentation and reflective-action scale developed by Geijsel et al. (2009) and two newly formulated items.
Surveys on tax compliance and non-compliance often rely on ad hoc formulated items which lack standardization, theoretical background, and empirical validation.
The questionnaire contained nine positively formulated items, whose scores had to be inverted prior to data analysis, so that high total scores for this questionnaire indicated high intensity of maladaptive schemas.
aNegatively formulated items are reversed.
Negatively formulated items were recoded positively.
Conventionally, each item is scored from 1 to 7 for "positively" formulated items, with "negatively" formulated items scored reversely.
Scoring is reversed for nine positively formulated items.
The scores of negatively formulated items were recoded.
A plus represents a positively and a minus a negatively formulated item; positively formulated items were score-reversed.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com