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Percent tumour lysis was calculated using the following formula: [sample – background (no effectors)] / [total lysis – background].
In method 2 the formula with background (BKG) correction was used: WRBKG-corrected = [(He − Me) − (Hl − Ml)]/(He − Me) × 100.
Moreover, for the calculation of WR, the formula without background correction showed high reliability and might therefore be preferable in HF patients.
The correction formulas included background subtraction, two-component mixing, and the expanded formula.
The formula used for background correction calculated the background-corrected intensity value as [(At*It)−(As*Is))/(At−As)], where At is the area of the total image, As is the area of the invaded spot, It is the mean gray intensity of the total image, and Is is the mean gray intensity of the invaded spot.
Specific death was calculated with the following formula: 100-[ x-background signal)/(untreated-background signal)x100-[ x-background
The Economist's explainers usually stick to a four-paragraph formula: set-up, background, explanation and implications.
This paper thus uses a box plot to analyze data features and proposes a new formula for the background values in the gray model to improve forecasting accuracy.
d(based on ASHRAE 62 formula); e average minimum background); f assumes Co = 487 ppm);g assumes Co = 487 ppm); h(On sidewalks; crossing streets).
The percent LDH release and the percent membrane integrity was calculated using the formula: (experimental release – T0 background)/(maximum release – T0 background) ×100.
For the stain index calculation we used the formula: (mean positive – mean background) / (2 * SD background), as previously described in [ 47].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com